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N
n cross n
“So these are the natural number lattice. The grid points in this lattice is what I'm focused on. lattice is what I'm focused on. So, for example, this point here is the point 3, 1 because the X value…” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 8: Hilbert's Hotel Is Always Open▶︎ watch 23:27 · read ↗︎
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 10: Set Theory's Deepest Mystery▶︎ watch 18:12 · read ↗︎
Nathan Rosen
“Such that if you follow these preparation instructions, let's call these preparation instructions P, okay? If you follow these laboratory instructions, you're gonna get a pair of particles that has…” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 4: Bell's Impossible Proof▶︎ watch 1:09:37 · read ↗︎
natural log of 2
“as close as we like, and in fact, one can prove that they're converging exactly to the natural log of 2, which is about 0.69 and so on. So therefore, the alternating series is convergent, it has a…” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 1: Zeno's Paradox and Infinite Sums▶︎ watch 34:52 · read ↗︎
natural number lattice
“two, three, four, and so on. And for the rows, zero, one, two, three, four, and so on. Okay, I'm talking about N cross N. So these are the natural number lattice. The grid points in this lattice is…” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 8: Hilbert's Hotel Is Always Open▶︎ watch 23:17 · read ↗︎
natural numbers
“So, Galileo considered the natural numbers. Maybe... I prefer to start with zero, so let's start with zero. Zero, one, two, three, and so on. These are the natural numbers. Some of those numbers are…” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 6: Galileo's Paradox of Infinity▶︎ watch 17:46 · read ↗︎
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 8: Hilbert's Hotel Is Always Open▶︎ watch 0:23 · read ↗︎
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 2: Supertasks: Doing Infinitely Many Things▶︎ watch 13:56 · read ↗︎
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 5: Potential vs Actual Infinity▶︎ watch 28:53 · read ↗︎
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 9: Beyond Countable Infinity▶︎ watch 0:00 · read ↗︎
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 10: Set Theory's Deepest Mystery▶︎ watch 0:00 · read ↗︎
natural philosophy
“At this time, there was no division between philosophy and science. It was all combined. The word for science was natural philosophy. So, there were a number of figures, like Descartes, uh, Bacon,…” (Lee Braver)
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Intro: When the Old Map Stopped Working▶︎ watch 3:40 · read ↗︎
Natural Selection
“This is something that predates human existence in the world. There's a clear sense in which dogs believe in locality and in which mice believe in locality in the sense that the lion isn't gonna” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 4: Bell's Impossible Proof▶︎ watch 11:05 · read ↗︎
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 3: The Paradox of Giants: Strange Consequences in High Dimension▶︎ watch 11:03 · read ↗︎
necessarily
“So, something is possible at a world if it becomes true in a larger world. And U thinks that phi is necessary at a world if all larger worlds think that phi is true.” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 5: Potential vs Actual Infinity▶︎ watch 28:11 · read ↗︎
necessary and universal
“Laws are necessary and universal. Science is never about one thing or two things. When the lessons of Pavlov's dogs were” (Lee Braver)
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Lecture 5: Kant Wakes from His Dogmatic Sleep▶︎ watch 37:27 · read ↗︎
necessary properties
“There are necessary properties to this idea, even though they're only an idea. There's nothing beyond an idea to them. It still has an essence to them, and it's an essence that I can't control.” (Lee Braver)
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Lecture 2: The Birth of Modern Science▶︎ watch 15:28 · read ↗︎
neither route
“Well, what about neither route? That seems pretty easy to eliminate too. If you simply block up both of these routes, nothing gets through, okay? Or you block them up even at the end, nothing gets…” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 1: The Experiment That Broke Reality▶︎ watch 53:09 · read ↗︎
nested interval argument
“of the real numbers on the list, is not actually Cantor's original argument. In 1874, he published his result that the reals are an uncountable infinity, and he used a slightly different argument,…” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 9: Beyond Countable Infinity▶︎ watch 17:55 · read ↗︎
neutron interferometry
“neutrons, and you'll be able to find detailed, explicitly physical descriptions of experiments like this if you Google neutron interferometry, okay? I'm gonna pretend that we're doing this experiment…” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 1: The Experiment That Broke Reality▶︎ watch 38:27 · read ↗︎
neutrons
“you did these experiments with electrons. But, for various technical reasons, some of these experiments are easier to do with neutrons. Some of these experiments are easier to do with photons. That's…” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 1: The Experiment That Broke Reality▶︎ watch 1:02 · read ↗︎
never stop growing
“That is Nietzsche's question. And Kant wanted us to grow up. Nietzsche wants us to never stop growing. Nietzsche wants the you five years from” (Lee Braver)
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Recap: Making Your Beliefs Your Own▶︎ watch 11:28 · read ↗︎
new computational paradigms
“series by pondering the question, do new computational paradigms change our understanding of what solvable or efficiently solvable means? Because, for example, current technology trends you've…” (Tim Roughgarden)
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Intro: Computation and Its Limits▶︎ watch 5:46 · read ↗︎
Newton
“So, there were a number of figures, like Descartes, uh, Bacon, Galileo, Newton, Leibniz, who were all doing science and philosophizing about the nature of science simultaneously. They were playing…” (Lee Braver)
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Intro: When the Old Map Stopped Working▶︎ watch 3:51 · read ↗︎
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Lecture 6: How Your Mind Builds Reality▶︎ watch 18:40 · read ↗︎
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Lecture 7: Nietzsche's Warning to the Future▶︎ watch 5:03 · read ↗︎
Newton's Laws of Motion
“F equals ma, are a fantastic success. They suddenly, in one swoop, show that the explanation of the motions of the planets is exactly the same thing as the explanation of why rocks fall in the…” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 4: Bell's Impossible Proof▶︎ watch 14:52 · read ↗︎
Newton's Shadow Theory of Gravitation
“thought this intuition of locality was. So, Newton speculated in the following way. Newton said, "You know what, what if the space, say between the earth and the moon or the earth and the sun, that…” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 4: Bell's Impossible Proof▶︎ watch 18:38 · read ↗︎
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
“They exert a gravitational force on one another. And the way Newton originally writes this law down, okay, it's a blatant violation of this intuition of locality, okay?” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 4: Bell's Impossible Proof▶︎ watch 13:45 · read ↗︎
Newtonian mechanics
“of motion told us how the positions of material particles evolve as time goes on. Now, this quantity position of the particle in Newtonian mechanics, or position of the set of particles, is being…” (David Albert)
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 2: When Physics Stops Making Sense▶︎ watch 27:38 · read ↗︎
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 3: Two Laws That Can't Both Be True▶︎ watch 33:26 · read ↗︎
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 4: Bell's Impossible Proof▶︎ watch 35:12 · read ↗︎
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 5: Three Ways to Save Reality▶︎ watch 46:02 · read ↗︎
Newtonian physics
“Kant wrote Newtonian physics and Euclidean geometry into the structure of the brain through our intuition and our understanding.” (Lee Braver)
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Lecture 7: Nietzsche's Warning to the Future▶︎ watch 33:18 · read ↗︎
Quantum Mechanics and the Crisis of Scientific Realism · Lecture 2: When Physics Stops Making Sense▶︎ watch 20:30 · read ↗︎
Nietzsche
“Kant, who is, will be our next thinker, is number two. Nietzsche was 17. Our last one, Descartes, poor Descartes was only number 18, but that's still, still not bad. We're going to be talking…” (Lee Braver)
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Lecture 3: Hume's Map of the Mind▶︎ watch 0:31 · read ↗︎
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Lecture 7: Nietzsche's Warning to the Future▶︎ watch 0:57 · read ↗︎
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Recap: Making Your Beliefs Your Own▶︎ watch 5:27 · read ↗︎
nihilism
“that he calls nihilism, a belief in nothingness that he thinks is coming for everyone, that he thinks will undermine whatever foundations we have. We have seen Descartes and Hume” (Lee Braver)
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Lecture 7: Nietzsche's Warning to the Future▶︎ watch 2:57 · read ↗︎
From Descartes to Nietzsche: The Birth of Science and the Death of God · Recap: Making Your Beliefs Your Own▶︎ watch 6:47 · read ↗︎
non-being is not
“Now, our mind has to agree with this. Now, what follows from this? Quite a few interesting things. I remember learning in my first-ever philosophy class, we talked about this, that if being” (Richard Polt)
Plato’s Theaetetus: An Inquiry into Knowledge · Lecture 3: Does Relativism Refute Itself?▶︎ watch 47:15 · read ↗︎
non-deterministic polynomial
“it stands for non-deterministic polynomial. Maybe a few of you have heard about non-determinism than sort of you would have a few years ago, 'cause now with modern machine learning algorithms, you're…” (Tim Roughgarden)
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 4: Two Worlds We Might Live In▶︎ watch 38:46 · read ↗︎
non-knowledges
“around in your head too." And the Greek is even funnier. It's a made-up word called non-knowledges. So there are knowledges and non-knowledges fluttering around in your head, and sometimes you grab a…” (Richard Polt)
Plato’s Theaetetus: An Inquiry into Knowledge · Lecture 5: Defeat as Philosophical Victory▶︎ watch 6:05 · read ↗︎
nonlinear form of potentialism
“have all the smaller numbers, and so this opens the door to maybe what could be described as a nonlinear form of potentialism. So maybe we have a version of potentialism” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 5: Potential vs Actual Infinity▶︎ watch 36:02 · read ↗︎
Norton Juster
“read this wonderful children's novel, The Phantom Tollbooth by Norton Juster, and in that novel, there's the City of Digitopolis and under the City of Digitopolis is the number mine where they find…” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 4: The Largest Tweetable Number▶︎ watch 7:42 · read ↗︎
NP problems
“solution on a silver platter, it is straightforward to check whether or not it's correctSo what does NP-completeness going to be? It is going to be a problem that is as difficult as any other problem…” (Tim Roughgarden)
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 3: Easy Problems, Hard Problems▶︎ watch 36:36 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 4: Two Worlds We Might Live In▶︎ watch 29:41 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 5: AI, Quantum Computing, and Beyond▶︎ watch 0:40 · read ↗︎
NP-complete
“problems are all the way up at the top. They are at least as hard as anything else in here, where as usual, "as hard as" just means there's a reduction. So, everything in here reduces to the…” (Tim Roughgarden)
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 5: AI, Quantum Computing, and Beyond▶︎ watch 2:13 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 3: Easy Problems, Hard Problems▶︎ watch 12:22 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 4: Two Worlds We Might Live In▶︎ watch 1:35 · read ↗︎
NP-complete problem
“The second super important concept that we introduced in the last episode was that of an NP-complete problem, and we're identifying seemingly hard problems with these NP-complete problems. And so…” (Tim Roughgarden)
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 4: Two Worlds We Might Live In▶︎ watch 1:35 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 3: Easy Problems, Hard Problems▶︎ watch 34:31 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 5: AI, Quantum Computing, and Beyond▶︎ watch 2:13 · read ↗︎
NP-completeness
“disguised versions of the exact same problem. That is the nature of the theory of NP-completeness that we'll discuss.” (Tim Roughgarden)
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Intro: Computation and Its Limits▶︎ watch 9:30 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 3: Easy Problems, Hard Problems▶︎ watch 26:36 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 1: Is There Anything Computers Can't Do?▶︎ watch 41:21 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 4: Two Worlds We Might Live In▶︎ watch 3:16 · read ↗︎
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 5: AI, Quantum Computing, and Beyond▶︎ watch 2:44 · read ↗︎
NP-intermediate
“I'm not sure if you can see that red, so let me use the green instead. Colloquially referred to as NP-intermediate, meaning problems which are believed to,” (Tim Roughgarden)
Computation as a Universal and Fundamental Concept · Lecture 5: AI, Quantum Computing, and Beyond▶︎ watch 3:58 · read ↗︎
number and numeral
“a kind of conflation between number and numeral. This is a large numeral but it's not a large number, right? The numeral is the symbol that we use to represent the number whereas the number is the…” (Joel David Hamkins)
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 4: The Largest Tweetable Number▶︎ watch 7:21 · read ↗︎
numerically finite
Lectures on Infinity · Lecture 7: What Does Finite Really Mean?▶︎ watch 15:58