Topic Index: E

edge

“arrows, which in this context is often called an edge, that represents, for example, a road, okay? From one point to another. And the circles, those are sometimes called vertices. Those represent…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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Edmonds' conjecture

“that the TSP does have a good algorithm, but in any case, that was, that was Emmer's conjecture back in 1967. And as we'll see, Emmer's conjecture, okay, the unsolvability, sorry, the unsolvability…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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Edmund Husserl

“sense perceptions and then construct reality on the basis of that. Or, you might compare it to the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, who says, "We're gonna describe experience, but we're gonna bracket…” (Richard Polt)

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Edsger Dijkstra

“algorithm after Edsger Dijkstra. And, I don't wanna sort of, you know, go through it in too much detail, but let me just kinda give you, give you a sense of it. And the idea, again, is clever reuse.…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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EDVAC

“John von Neumann were involved in, those would be two examples. So this is rewinding ten years before that, okay, before anyone was even trying to build computers. And in fact, at this time, in 1936,…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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efficient computation

“undermine traditional notions of efficient computation or do they leave those deeper limits intact? What survives when our best abstractions, the one you'll learn about in this series, are…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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efficient solvability

“That actually does change our notion of efficient solvability to some extent. We'll talk about that. But still, even if we succeed in building huge quantum computers, it really doesn't change the…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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efficiently verifiable solutions

“problems with efficiently verifiable solutions always have efficient algorithms? Or alternatively, is it the case that there are problems where you can easily check solutions, like Sudoku, lots of…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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Einstein

“if nothing existed, there would be no space and time." And Einstein came down on Leibniz's side, so hooray for the philosophers. In any case, what the mind does, and of course you're not aware of…” (Lee Braver)

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Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen

“and Rosen regarding the question of locality. Very briefly, we have always approached the world, and I mean always, by always I mean prior to modern science, prior to science per se, this is a…” (David Albert)

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Electric Fields

“call electric fields, okay? People describe the forces between two charged particles in the following way. They speak of one charged particle as producing an electric field around itself that goes…” (David Albert)

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Electromagnetic Field

“toward the end of the 19th century. Faraday had anticipated a lot of the features of these equations, but they take a final, clear, pristine mathematical form in Maxwell, and” (David Albert)

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Electromagnetic Waves

“and forwards and forwards. Maxwell was able to calculate the speed with which this disturbance propagated through empty space, okay? So the fields have an internal dynamics of their own, okay?” (David Albert)

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electron mirror

“Call it an electron mirror, okay? What this mirror does-And this claim about what it does is something that can be independently verified by taking the mirror out of the apparatus and doing the…” (David Albert)

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electrons

“I wanna start off by telling some stories about things that can happen to electrons. I guess it's fair to say that I think these are among the most unsettling and surprising stories” (David Albert)

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electrostatic forces

“If you take a housefly and you make it 10 times bigger, then there's no way it could be crawling around on the wall and so on, because the electrostatic forces are simply not strong enough anymore.…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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empirical

“And these are called empirical beliefs. Anything that we get through the senses, philosophers call empirical.” (Lee Braver)

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empirical beliefs

“And these are called empirical beliefs. Anything that we get through the senses, philosophers call empirical.” (Lee Braver)

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empirical beliefs under good conditions

“In fact, those are only the empirical beliefs under bad conditions." And we still have empirical beliefs under good conditions, like when I'm seeing my hand directly in front of my face.” (Lee Braver)

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empirical verification

“existed in the universe. That's a contingent fact. There's no way he can know what's in the universe without empirical verification. And the idea that just by thinking he can plug in to the basic…” (Lee Braver)

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empiricism

“As you can see from the title, empiricism is the, is the school of philosophy that thinks that empirical data is the key to knowledge. This is to be contrasted with...” (Lee Braver)

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empiricist

“Now of course, a true empiricist, somebody who's basing all knowledge on experience would say, "No, no." So, I mean, maybe it's, maybe you don't directly see the number two, but it arises through…” (Richard Polt)

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empty word

“but it would be a word in this sense, yeah? And also, in this sense, I also allow the empty word, it's one of the words, that's a sequence of, like, zero. It has no letters in it. That counts as a…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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ENIAC

“John von Neumann were involved in, those would be two examples. So this is rewinding ten years before that, okay, before anyone was even trying to build computers. And in fact, at this time, in 1936,…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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entanglement

“This comes about because of a phenomenon of the mathematical structure of quantum mechanics called entanglement. This is exactly the feature of quantum mechanics that leads to the” (David Albert)

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Entscheidungsproblem

“published his landmark paper on Computable Numbers with an Application to the, and please forgive my German, Entscheidungsproblem. Now, if the name Alan Turing sounds familiar, there's a few…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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enumerate

“Namely, if you have a countable set, a non-empty countable set, then a non-empty countable set, then you can enumerate the set. So if A is countable and non-empty, then I can enumerate the” (Joel David Hamkins)

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epiphenomenalist

“It's not an epiphenomenalist position, it's not a parallelist position. It's what's called an interactive dualist position. It's the kind of dualist position that Descartes had, okay? And that not…” (David Albert)

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episteme

“perception is nothing but, or knowledge is nothing but perception." The Greek words, in case anybody's curious, knowledge is episteme. Sometimes philosophers talk about epistemology, the theory of…” (Richard Polt)

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epistemic

“that the character of what we're missing here is metaphysical rather than epistemic, okay? If you adopt this way of telling the story, okay? If you go with Bohr, you don't” (David Albert)

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epistemic issue

“That is, it looks like it's an epistemic issue. You're anticipating completely correctly that it's gonna turn out to be something deeper than an epistemic issue. We're gonna run into that as we…” (David Albert)

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epistemological

“That is, maybe one thinks that potentialism is sort of an epistemological phenomenon versus an ontological phenomenon. In other words, epistemology is the study of knowledge and the nature of…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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epistemological nihilism

“You can't know anything. He seems to be leaving us in epistemological nihilism. But he won't. Now, I've taught Hume for many years, and just because of the way the” (Lee Braver)

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epistemological quality

“So, during this period, the idea of deferring to the, to the expert, deferring to the authority was the primary notion of, was the highest epistemological status. It was the highest epistemological…” (Lee Braver)

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epistemological status

“So, during this period, the idea of deferring to the, to the expert, deferring to the authority was the primary notion of, was the highest epistemological status. It was the highest epistemological…” (Lee Braver)

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epistemology

“These are the questions of the branch of philosophy known as epistemology. This is the branch of philosophy that has to do with truth and knowledge, uh, how we achieve it, what the nature of it is,…” (Lee Braver)

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EPR Argument

“Such that if you follow these preparation instructions, let's call these preparation instructions P, okay? If you follow these laboratory instructions, you're gonna get a pair of particles that has…” (David Albert)

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EPR Pair

“Such that if you follow these preparation instructions, let's call these preparation instructions P, okay? If you follow these laboratory instructions, you're gonna get a pair of particles that has…” (David Albert)

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epsilon

“infinite sum has a certain limit. What it means is that no matter how close, for every epsilon, no matter how close you wanna get, then if you take a sufficiently large finite number of terms, you…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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equinumerosity

“I'm Joel David Hamkins, and I'd like to tell you about Galileo's Paradox and also the notion of equinumerosity. So, what does it mean to say that two sets, perhaps infinite sets, have the same size?…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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equinumerous

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eros

“philosophical argumentation. So the first objection, and I'd like to know what you all think of this one, is basically that if everybody is right about everything all the time,” (Richard Polt)

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essence

“Existence is that something is. Essence is what it is. So existence is that something is. Essence is what it is.” (Lee Braver)

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ethical and political relativism

“... that you're actually, quote, "good" at anything? And what does good mean at all? So this kind of ethical and political relativism leads to very big questions as we'll see in our next reading.” (Richard Polt)

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Euclid's Elements

“interesting to read in Euclid's Elements, the book of, the ancient book of geometry, one of his axioms says, "Every line can be extended further." line can be extended further." Which is sort of…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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Euclid's principle

“perhaps infinite sets, have the same size? And along the way, we'll discover some tension between some ideas about equinumerosity and Euclid's principle, which is the principle that the whole is…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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Euclidean geometry

“Kant wrote Newtonian physics and Euclidean geometry into the structure of the brain through our intuition and our understanding.” (Lee Braver)

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Euclides and Terpsion

“So it begins with a couple of pages of prologue where you have these characters Euclides and Thrypson, and it turns out that Euclides has a text which then most of the dialogue goes on to recount.” (Richard Polt)

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evil demon

“skeptical arguments called the evil demon or evil genius argument. And he says, imagine that an evil demon, very, very powerful demon, has control over you, and his entire purpose is to trick you.” (Lee Braver)

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evil genius argument

“skeptical arguments called the evil demon or evil genius argument. And he says, imagine that an evil demon, very, very powerful demon, has control over you, and his entire purpose is to trick you.” (Lee Braver)

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evolution

“Because for Nietzsche, we are the animal that has no limits. We are the animal that goes beyond whatever limits we find. Evolution is our true creator for Nietzsche, rather than God.” (Lee Braver)

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exhaustive search

“example is something known as exhaustive search, which is if you have a whole bunch of options like routes from A to B and you wanna find the best option, like the one with the smallest travel time,” (Tim Roughgarden)

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existence

“Existence is that something is. Essence is what it is. So existence is that something is. Essence is what it is.” (Lee Braver)

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existence and essence

“between existence and essence. Existence is that something is.” (Lee Braver)

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existence is a perfection

“The idea of God is the being that has all possible perfections. Existence, existence is a perfection, therefore God has it. If you are thinking of a non-existent God,” (Lee Braver)

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exoteric and esoteric

“So, on some theories of how to read Plato, this is crucial. You have to distinguish between exoteric and esoteric teachings. So let's start, and our assumptions will be that... Well, first of all,…” (Richard Polt)

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exponential growth

“So, exponential growth is a wild, wild thing, right? So many of us kind of are first taught this lesson through the power of compounding, right? And this is sort of another version of it. Exponential…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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exponential notation

“functions from the integers to the reals versus the set of functions from the reals to the integers. You know, this exponential notation, when I have X to the Y, it's the set of functions from Y to…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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exponentiation

“about exponentiation that takes us into this realm of, of much, much larger numbers that we couldn't hope to reach by counting ever. So one can write down formal theories of arithmetic that have this…” (Joel David Hamkins)

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extended Church-Turing thesis

“to discuss is the extended version of the Church-Turing thesis, which, to be clear, was stated by neither Church nor Turing, and so this is something that was added on by later researchers who were…” (Tim Roughgarden)

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extended real numbers

“The extended real numbers. And this is a number system that's obtained by starting with the real numbers and just adding infinity and minus” (Joel David Hamkins)

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extension

“Means they take up space. Now, he's got one last idea, one last belief that survives methodological doubt. We have his existence. He exists, that he is.” (Lee Braver)

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